莫札特《安魂曲》:未竟之作與一個流傳的傳說

莫札特《安魂曲》:未竟之作與一個流傳的傳說

● 字源與歷史概念

Requiem(安魂曲):拉丁文,取自彌撒開頭的經文 Requiem aeternam dona eis, Domine(主啊,求你賜給他們永恆的安息)。requiem 是 requies(安息)的受格形式。

Dies irae(震怒之日):拉丁文,意為「憤怒的日子」,是安魂曲中描寫末日審判的繼抒詠(Sequence)。

Sequence(繼抒詠):拉丁文 sequentia,意為「接續」,原指彌撒中接在哈利路亞之後的詩歌。

Fragment(殘稿):拉丁文 fragmentum,意為「碎片」。《安魂曲》是莫札特的未完成作品。

核心詞彙:Requiem、Introit(入祭文)、Kyrie(求主垂憐)、Lacrimosa(流淚之日)、posthumous(身後的)、commission(委託)、completion(續成)

● 背景

《安魂曲》(K. 626)作於 1791 年,莫札特於同年 12 月 5 日去世。委託人是匿名的使者,後來考證為瓦爾澤格伯爵(Count Franz von Walsegg),他想把作品當成自己為亡妻所寫。莫札特完整寫成的只有入祭文,其餘部分多為聲樂與低音的草稿,〈流淚之日〉寫到第八小節便中斷。遺孀康斯坦采為了領取酬金,請蘇斯邁爾(Franz Xaver Süssmayr)等人續成。

● 全新例句(118 字長句)

Although Mozart, already gravely ill and commissioned by an anonymous messenger who was later identified as Count Walsegg, began the Requiem in 1791 and died before completing more than its opening movement in full, a meticulous comparison of the surviving autograph with the score delivered to the patron—which Constanze, anxious to collect the unpaid fee, entrusted to Süssmayr, who supplied missing orchestration and composed several sections—shows that the work, long romanticized as the composer's own death-song, represents not a single creative act but a collaboration whose seams, though concealed by a unified manuscript, remain audible to scholars who study its handwriting and style.

● 排列為比較容易閱讀的方式

Although Mozart,

 already gravely ill

 and commissioned by an anonymous messenger

  who was later identified as Count Walsegg,

began the Requiem in 1791

and died before completing more than its opening movement in full,

a meticulous comparison

 of the surviving autograph with the score delivered to the patron

 —which Constanze,

  anxious to collect the unpaid fee,

 entrusted to Süssmayr,

  who supplied missing orchestration

  and composed several sections—

shows

 that the work,

  long romanticized as the composer's own death-song,

 represents not a single creative act

  but a collaboration

   whose seams,

    though concealed by a unified manuscript,

   remain audible to scholars

    who study its handwriting and style.

● 分解為原初的短小句

Mozart was already gravely ill.

(主詞後插入的形容詞片語還原。)

An anonymous messenger commissioned Mozart, and that messenger was later identified as Count Walsegg.

(過去分詞 commissioned by... 與 who 子句的還原。)

Mozart began the Requiem in 1791 and died before completing more than its opening movement in full.

(Although 子句的雙動詞並列。)

A careful comparison of the autograph with the delivered score shows a conclusion.

(主句主詞與動詞 shows。)

Constanze was anxious to collect the unpaid fee.

(形容詞片語 anxious to... 的還原。)

Constanze entrusted the score to Süssmayr.

(which 非限定關係子句的主幹。)

Süssmayr supplied missing orchestration and composed several sections.

(who 子句的雙動詞並列。)

People long romanticized the work as the composer's own death-song.

(過去分詞片語 long romanticized as... 的還原。)

The work represents not a single creative act but a collaboration.

(not A but B 對比結構。)

The collaboration's seams remain audible to scholars who study its handwriting and style, though a unified manuscript conceals them.

(whose 子句、though 插入與 who 子句的還原。)

● 全新文法解析

1. Although 讓步子句 + 主詞後多重插入 + who 關係子句 + 雙動詞並列

句型:Although + 主詞 + , 形容詞片語 + and + 過去分詞片語 + who 子句 , + 動詞 1 + ... + and + 動詞 2 + ...

作用:主詞 Mozart 之後插入 already gravely ill 與 commissioned by an anonymous messenger,兩者以 and 並列,後者又掛著 who was later identified as Count Walsegg,形成「插入語中再嵌套關係子句」。began 與 died 共用主詞,before completing 則是介詞加動名詞,說明他死時完成的範圍有限。

關鍵詞彙:gravely(嚴重地)、anonymous(匿名的)、autograph(親筆手稿)

2. 長主詞 + 破折號內雙層 which / who 子句 + 主要動詞 shows

句型:主詞(a meticulous comparison of...)+ —which + 主詞 + , 形容詞片語 , + 動詞 + to... , + who 子句— + shows

作用:這是全句最難之處。which 是 entrusted 的受詞,要還原為 Constanze entrusted the score to Süssmayr。主詞 Constanze 之後插入 anxious to collect the unpaid fee,說明動機。entrusted to Süssmayr 之後,who 子句再以並列動詞 supplied... and composed... 交代他的實際貢獻。破折號使主詞 comparison 與動詞 shows 被拉開近四十個字。

關鍵詞彙:meticulous(嚴謹的)、entrust(託付)、orchestration(配器)

3. that 受詞子句 + 插入分詞 + not A but B + whose 子句 + though 插入 + who 子句

句型:that + 主詞 + , 過去分詞片語 , + represents + not A + but B + whose + 主詞 + , though + 過去分詞片語 , + 動詞 + ... + who 子句

作用:that 子句的主詞 the work 與動詞 represents 之間,插入 long romanticized as the composer's own death-song,點出流行的傳說。not A but B 之後,B 的 a collaboration 帶出 whose 子句,主詞 seams 與動詞 remain 之間又被 though concealed by a unified manuscript 隔開,最後 who study its handwriting and style 再修飾 scholars。句子由「傳說」走向「學術考證」,層層收束。

關鍵詞彙:romanticize(浪漫化)、collaboration(合作)、seam(縫合處)、concealed(被掩蓋的)

● 參考翻譯

儘管莫札特當時已病重,受一位匿名使者委託(此人後來被確認為瓦爾澤格伯爵),於 1791 年開始創作《安魂曲》,卻在去世前只完整寫完開頭樂章;但對現存手稿與交付委託人的樂譜所作的嚴謹比較卻顯示:康斯坦采急於領取尚未付清的酬金,把樂譜託付給蘇斯邁爾,後者補寫了缺漏的配器並創作了數個段落;這部長久以來被浪漫化為作曲家自己的挽歌的作品,所代表的並非單一的創作行為,而是一場合作,其縫合處雖被統一的手稿掩蓋,仍能被研究其筆跡與風格的學者辨認出來。

● 逆向工程(請嘗試不看原文,還原長句)

先把上面 10 個短句合併成一個長句,再對照「全新例句」。

提示:

第 1、2 句改為形容詞與過去分詞插入,第 3 句是 Although 子句主幹。

第 4 句是主句,第 5、6、7 句合併成破折號中的 which 子句,再接 who 子句。

第 8 句改為過去分詞片語插入。

第 9、10 句用 not... but... 與 whose 連接,第 10 句的 though 子句改為分詞插入。

● 後記

未竟與續成:莫札特親筆完成的僅有入祭文,其餘多為草稿。〈流淚之日〉在第八小節中斷,〈聖哉經〉、〈祝福經〉與〈羔羊頌〉等,則一般認為出自蘇斯邁爾之手。至於各段落的確切歸屬,學界仍有討論。

死亡傳說:莫札特為自己寫安魂曲、神祕使者是死神的說法,來自後世的浪漫化,例如電影《阿瑪迪斯》的描寫。史料顯示委託人是瓦爾澤格伯爵,並非什麼神祕人物。

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