哈金的《戰廢品》:戰俘營裡的記憶、派系與尊嚴 Ha Jin's War Trash: Memory, Faction, and Dignity in the POW Camp

哈金的《戰廢品》:戰俘營裡的記憶、派系與尊嚴 Ha Jin's War Trash: Memory, Faction, and Dignity in the POW Camp

2026 年 11 月 07 日

● 字源與歷史概念

**trash(廢物)**的來源不明,一般認為與斯堪地那維亞語有關,原指砍下的枝條與雜物,後來泛指無用之物,也可用來輕蔑人。書名 War Trash 因此帶有「被戰爭丟棄的殘餘」之意。**volunteer(志願者)**源自拉丁文 voluntarius,來自 voluntas(意志),小說中的「志願軍」之名即由此而來。**memoir(回憶錄)**源自法文 mémoire,來自拉丁文 memoria(記憶)。**prisoner(囚犯、戰俘)**源自古法文 prison,最終來自拉丁文 prehendere(抓住)。**repatriate(遣返)**由 re-(回)加拉丁文 patria(祖國)構成。**interpreter(口譯員)**源自拉丁文 interpres(中間人、解釋者)。**faction(派系)**源自拉丁文 factio,來自 facere(做),本義是「一夥做事的人」。**armistice(停戰)**由拉丁文 arma(武器)加 sistere(停止)構成。

背景:哈金是金雪飛(Jin Xuefei)的筆名,他以英文寫作,《戰廢品》2004 年由潘席恩出版社出版,是以虛構回憶錄為形式的歷史小說。小說背景是韓戰期間的 1951 至 1953 年,主角俞元是黃埔軍校畢業生,被派入志願軍,在朝鮮被俘,後來因為英文流利,成為戰俘與美方之間的中介。小說獲得 2005 年的筆會/福克納獎,也入圍普立茲獎。

核心概念:

**Fictional memoir(虛構回憶錄):**以老年俞元的口吻回顧,賦予小說見證式的語氣,也讓讀者分不清報導與創作的界線。

**War within the camp(營中之戰):**戰俘營裡的共產黨人與國民黨人,為了要回大陸還是去台灣而互相鬥爭,俞元在兩派之間求生。

Title irony(書名的反諷):「戰廢品」把戰俘視為被丟棄的東西,而敘事者的尊嚴恰好反駁了這個稱呼。

同源與核心詞彙:trash(廢物)、volunteer(志願者)、memoir(回憶錄)、prisoner(戰俘)、repatriate(遣返)、interpreter(口譯員)、faction(派系)、armistice(停戰)

● 全新例句(129 字長句)

Narrated as the memoir of Yu Yuan, a Huangpu-trained clerical officer in Mao's "volunteer" army, Ha Jin's War Trash, which won the 2005 PEN/Faulkner Award, opens with a rout in Korea, but hardly has Yu, captured in 1951 and prized by his American jailers for his English, settled into the camp on Koje Island when he discovers that its real war, fought between Communist and Nationalist prisoners over whether to return to China or be shipped to Taiwan, is waged no less ferociously behind the wire, given that rivals threaten and even kill one another, so that his one fixed purpose, to go home alive, sets him at odds with both sides, and the title, which treats such men as refuse, is answered by the dignity of his telling.

● 排列為比較容易閱讀的方式

Narrated as the memoir of Yu Yuan,

　a Huangpu-trained clerical officer

　　in Mao's "volunteer" army,

Ha Jin's War Trash,

　which won the 2005 PEN/Faulkner Award,

opens with a rout in Korea,

but hardly has Yu,

　captured in 1951

　and prized by his American jailers for his English,

settled into the camp on Koje Island

when he discovers

　that its real war,

　　fought between Communist and Nationalist prisoners

　　　over whether to return to China

　　　or be shipped to Taiwan,

　is waged no less ferociously behind the wire,

　given that rivals threaten and even kill one another,

so that his one fixed purpose,

　to go home alive,

sets him at odds with both sides,

and the title,

　which treats such men as refuse,

is answered by the dignity of his telling.

● 分解為原初的短小句

Ha Jin narrates War Trash as the memoir of Yu Yuan.

(過去分詞 Narrated as 的還原。)

Yu Yuan is a Huangpu-trained clerical officer in Mao's "volunteer" army.

(同位語的還原;clerical officer 表「文書軍官」。)

War Trash won the 2005 PEN/Faulkner Award.

(which 非限定子句的還原。)

The novel opens with a rout in Korea.

(主句的前半;rout 表「潰敗」。)

Yu is captured in 1951.

(並列過去分詞的第一項。)

His American jailers prize him for his English.

(並列過去分詞的第二項;prize 表「重視」。)

Yu has hardly settled into the camp on Koje Island.

(hardly 倒裝的還原。)

Yu discovers something.

(when 之後的主幹。)

The camp has a real war.

(that 子句的主詞 its real war 的還原。)

Communist and Nationalist prisoners fight the war.

(過去分詞 fought between 的還原。)

They fight over whether to return to China or be shipped to Taiwan.

(over whether 子句的還原;whether 後接不定詞。)

The war is waged no less ferociously behind the wire.

(that 子句的主幹;no less...than 的語意是「同樣猛烈」。)

Rivals threaten and even kill one another.

(given that 子句的還原。)

Yu has one fixed purpose.

(so that 子句的主詞。)

The purpose is to go home alive.

(同位語不定詞的還原。)

The purpose sets Yu at odds with both sides.

(so that 子句的主幹;at odds with 表「與……不和」。)

The title treats such men as refuse.

(which 非限定子句的還原;refuse 表「廢棄物」。)

The dignity of Yu's telling answers the title.

(被動語態 is answered by 的還原。)

● 全新文法解析

1. Narrated as + 同位語 + which 非限定子句

句型:Narrated as + 名詞, + 同位語, + 主詞, + which + 動詞 + 受詞, + 動詞 + 副詞片語

作用:句首的過去分詞片語說明作品的形式(以回憶錄形式敘述)。as 之後的名詞 the memoir of Yu Yuan 又接一個同位語 a Huangpu-trained clerical officer...,使主詞 War Trash 與動詞 opens 之間隔了三十餘字。主詞後的 which 非限定子句補充獲獎資訊,不影響主句的流暢。

關鍵詞彙:narrate(敘述)、memoir(回憶錄)、clerical(文書的)、rout(潰敗)

2. but hardly has + 主詞 + 插入並列分詞 + when(倒裝)

句型:but hardly + has + 主詞, + 過去分詞 + and + 過去分詞, + 過去分詞 + 地點 + when + 主詞 + 動詞

作用:hardly 放在子句前面時,助動詞 has 倒裝到主詞之前,後面的動詞改用過去分詞(settled),接著以 when 引出隨後發生的事,意思是「剛……就……」。主詞 Yu 與動詞 settled 之間插入兩個並列的過去分詞(captured、prized),使結構延遲,與前面 no sooner...than 的用法相近,但此處是 hardly...when。

關鍵詞彙:hardly...when(剛……就)、capture(俘虜)、prize(重視)、jailer(看守)

3. discovers that + 插入過去分詞 + over whether to V or be p.p.

句型:discovers that + 主詞, + 過去分詞 + between + 名詞 + and + 名詞 + over + whether + to + 原形動詞 + or + be + 過去分詞, + 動詞

作用:that 子句的主詞 its real war 與動詞 is waged 之間插入 fought between...over whether...,是一整段後置過去分詞片語。over whether to return to China or be shipped to Taiwan 是 whether 加不定詞,而且 or 之後的 be shipped 是被動式不定詞,使「回去」與「被送走」兩個選項主動與被動相對,點出戰俘的處境。

關鍵詞彙:over whether(為了是否)、Communist(共產黨人)、Nationalist(國民黨人)、ship(運送)

4. is waged no less ferociously + given that

句型:動詞 + 被動 + no less + 副詞 + 地點, + given that + 主詞 + 動詞 + and + 副詞 + 動詞 + 受詞

作用:no less ferociously 表「同樣猛烈地」,雖然沒有出現 than,但隱含與外面真正戰場的比較。given that 表「鑑於、既然」,說明為何這場內部鬥爭如此猛烈,語氣比 because 更客觀。threaten and even kill 以 even 連接,逐級加強。

關鍵詞彙:wage(發動)、no less...(同樣地)、ferociously(兇猛地)、given that(鑑於)

5. so that + 同位語不定詞 + sets A at odds with B

句型:so that + 主詞, + to + 原形動詞 + 副詞, + 動詞 + 受詞 + at odds with + 名詞

作用:so that 引出結果。主詞 his one fixed purpose 之後接不定詞同位語 to go home alive,說明這個目標是什麼。sets him at odds with both sides 是 set A at odds with B 的結構,表示這個目標使他與兩派都不合,是小說主角處境的概括。

關鍵詞彙:so that(因此)、fixed(固定的)、at odds with(與……不合)、both sides(雙方)

6. 並列主句 + which 非限定子句 + 被動 answered by

句型:and + 主詞, + which + 動詞 + 受詞 + as + 名詞, + is answered by + 名詞 + of + 名詞

作用:and 連接最後一個並列主句。主詞 the title 之後的 which 子句,以 treat A as B 表示書名的涵義(把人當作廢棄物)。主句以被動語態 is answered by 收束,把「書名的輕蔑」與「敘述的尊嚴」並列,點出全句的反諷。

關鍵詞彙:treat A as B(把 A 視為 B)、refuse(廢棄物)、answer(回應、反駁)、dignity(尊嚴)

● 參考翻譯

哈金的《戰廢品》以俞元的回憶錄形式敘述,俞元是黃埔軍校出身、在毛澤東「志願軍」中擔任文書軍官的人,這部作品獲得 2005 年筆會/福克納獎,開頭先寫朝鮮戰場上的潰敗;然而,1951 年被俘、因英文流利而受美軍看守重視的俞元,才剛在巨濟島的戰俘營安頓下來,就發現營內真正的戰爭,是共產黨與國民黨的戰俘之間,為了要返回大陸還是被送往台灣而展開的,這場鬥爭在鐵絲網後同樣猛烈,因為對立的雙方互相威脅,甚至殺害,於是他唯一不變的目標,也就是活著回家,使他與兩邊都不相容,而書名把這樣的人視為廢物,卻被他敘述中的尊嚴所反駁。

● 逆向工程(請嘗試不看原文,還原長句)

Ha Jin narrates War Trash as the memoir of Yu Yuan.

Yu Yuan is a Huangpu-trained clerical officer in Mao's "volunteer" army.

War Trash won the 2005 PEN/Faulkner Award.

The novel opens with a rout in Korea.

Yu is captured in 1951.

His American jailers prize him for his English.

Yu has hardly settled into the camp on Koje Island.

Yu discovers something.

The camp has a real war.

Communist and Nationalist prisoners fight the war.

They fight over whether to return to China or be shipped to Taiwan.

The war is waged no less ferociously behind the wire.

Rivals threaten and even kill one another.

Yu has one fixed purpose.

The purpose is to go home alive.

The purpose sets Yu at odds with both sides.

The title treats such men as refuse.

The dignity of Yu's telling answers the title.

對照完整句子:

Narrated as the memoir of Yu Yuan, a Huangpu-trained clerical officer in Mao's "volunteer" army, Ha Jin's War Trash, which won the 2005 PEN/Faulkner Award, opens with a rout in Korea, but hardly has Yu, captured in 1951 and prized by his American jailers for his English, settled into the camp on Koje Island when he discovers that its real war, fought between Communist and Nationalist prisoners over whether to return to China or be shipped to Taiwan, is waged no less ferociously behind the wire, given that rivals threaten and even kill one another, so that his one fixed purpose, to go home alive, sets him at odds with both sides, and the title, which treats such men as refuse, is answered by the dignity of his telling.

**補充說明:**全句逐字核算為 129 字(數字算一字,連字號詞與 PEN/Faulkner 各算一字)。本篇改用「Narrated as 加同位語加 which 非限定子句、but hardly has...when 倒裝加插入並列分詞、discovers that 加後置過去分詞加 over whether to V or be p.p.、no less ferociously 加 given that、so that 加同位語不定詞加 at odds with、並列主句加 which 子句加被動 answered by」,與前面各篇的句型不重複。

後記

**出版與獎項:**小說在 2004 年出版,贏得筆會/福克納獎,也入圍普立茲獎;出版社的讀書指南說明它是 2005 年筆會/福克納獎得主。哈金本人是金雪飛的筆名,他曾以《等待》獲得全國圖書獎與筆會/福克納獎,所以這是他第二次獲得後者。 

**主角與敘事形式:**小說是以俞元為主角的虛構回憶錄。俞元是黃埔軍校畢業生,被分派到共軍,參戰不久因補給耗盡而被俘。

**英文與中介身分:**因為英文流利,他成為戰俘各派與美方看守之間的重要翻譯。句中 prized by his American jailers for his English 是概括,小說中他得到的待遇其實好壞並存,請不要當作單向的優待。 

**營內的派系鬥爭:**戰俘營分為想回中國的共產黨一派,與受蔣介石及美國政府支持、試圖將人拉往台灣的國民黨一派。有書評指出,威脅與謀殺被用來脅迫猶豫者加入國民黨一方。句中 rivals threaten and even kill one another 是概括,具體暴力情節與雙方責任,請以原書為準,也請注意這是小說的描寫。

**「不屬任何一方」的限定:**在句中寫的是他「唯一的目標是活著回家」,而不是「他拒絕所有派系」,因為資料顯示他曾被送往國民黨的營區,卻仍然拒絕前往台灣。他的立場與行動在小說中有許多轉折,請避免簡化成中立的旁觀者。

**書名的涵義:**一則書評說,小說中的「戰廢品」指的就是被聯合國軍俘虜的中國士兵;另有書評認為,敘事者的聲音就是對書名的反駁。句中 treats such men as refuse 與 is answered by the dignity of his telling,是我根據這些評論所做的概括,不是作者對書名的正式認定。

**歷史對應:**小說的細節取材自真實的戰俘記述,營內曾發生綁架美軍營長的事件,小說中也有類似的情節。

**評論的取向:**有書評把戰俘營中的暴力與阿布格萊布監獄相比,但這是評論者個人的聯想,不是小說的立場。若要寫論文,請明確區分文學評論與歷史論述。 

**結局與書中時間:**在英文 長記句中沒有寫結局。小說中戰爭結束後的遣返與回國後的遭遇,是另一場考驗,讀書指南中也提到敘事者後來當過英語老師。