拉辛的《費黛拉》:被諸神與慾望追逐的王后 Jean Racine's Phèdre

拉辛的《費黛拉》:被諸神與慾望追逐的王后 Jean Racine's Phèdre

這一篇沒有上網查證,內容來自我對拉辛與這部劇作的一般認識。我不確定的細節列在最後的核對清單,發表前請核對。劇名依你題目寫作「費黛拉」,通行譯名多作「費德爾」或「菲德拉」。

● 字源與戲劇概念

**tragedy(悲劇)**來自希臘文 tragōidia,一般解釋為 tragos(山羊)加 aoidē(歌),字面是「山羊之歌」,但來源有爭議。**passion(激情)**來自拉丁文 pati(承受、受苦),所以 passion 的本義是「承受的痛苦」,基督教的 Passion(受難)也是同一字根。**fate(命運)**來自拉丁文 fātum(被說出來的話),字根 fārī(說),意思是「諸神所宣告的」。**abhor(憎惡)**來自拉丁文 abhorrēre,字根 ab-(離開)加 horrēre(毛髮倒豎),字面是「因恐懼而退縮」。**preface(序言)**來自拉丁文 praefatiō(事先所說),字根 prae-(之前)加 fārī(說)。Phèdre源自希臘文 Phaidra,字根 phaidros(明亮的)。

概念:

**neoclassical tragedy(新古典悲劇):**十七世紀法國戲劇追求遵守古希臘羅馬的規範。

**three unities(三一律):**時間、地點、行動集中,常被歸於亞里斯多德,但那是後世法國理論家的整理。

**alexandrine(亞歷山大體):**十二音節的法文詩行,拉辛的悲劇即以此體寫成。

**Jansenism(詹森主義):**十七世紀法國天主教中強調原罪與恩典的思潮,拉辛早年在波爾羅亞爾修道院受教育,批評家常以此解讀劇中的罪與命運。

**hamartia(悲劇性過失):**亞里斯多德《詩學》中的概念,指主角的過錯或判斷失誤。

同源與核心詞彙:tragedy(悲劇)、passion(激情)、fate(命運)、abhor(憎惡)、preface(序言)、alexandrine(亞歷山大體)

● 全新例句(98 字長句)

Jean Racine's Phèdre, first staged in January 1677 and promptly pitted against a rival play backed by his enemies, tells of a queen who, as though cursed by Venus for her family's offense, falls in love with her stepson and, believing her husband dead, declares it, only for him to return alive, whereupon her nurse, whether from loyalty or fear, slanders the young man, who dies under his father's curse, leaving the queen, torn between desire and shame, to poison herself, a woman whom Racine, in his preface, presents as driven by fate into a passion she abhors.

● 排列為比較容易閱讀的方式

Jean Racine's Phèdre,

　first staged in January 1677

　and promptly pitted

　　against a rival play

　　backed by his enemies,

tells of a queen

　who,

　　as though cursed by Venus

　　for her family's offense,

　falls in love with her stepson

　and,

　　believing her husband dead,

　declares it,

　　only for him to return alive,

　　whereupon her nurse,

　　　whether from loyalty or fear,

　　slanders the young man,

　　　who dies under his father's curse,

　　leaving the queen,

　　　torn between desire and shame,

　　to poison herself,

a woman whom Racine,

　in his preface,

presents as driven by fate

　into a passion she abhors.

● 分解為原初的短小句

The play was first staged in January 1677.

(第一個過去分詞片語的還原。)

The play was promptly pitted against a rival play.

(第二個過去分詞片語的還原;pit A against B。)

His enemies backed the rival play.

(backed by 過去分詞後置修飾的還原。)

Phèdre tells of a queen.

(全句主幹。)

Venus seems to have cursed the queen for her family's offense.

(as though cursed 的還原。)

The queen falls in love with her stepson.

(who 子句的第一個動詞。)

The queen believes her husband dead.

(believing 分詞構句的還原。)

The queen declares her love.

(第二個動詞。)

Her husband returns alive.

(only for him to return 的還原。)

Her nurse slanders the young man out of loyalty or fear.

(whereupon 子句與 whether 插入語的還原。)

The young man dies under his father's curse.

(who 子句的還原。)

The young man's death leaves the queen to poison herself.

(leaving...to V 的還原。)

The queen is torn between desire and shame.

(過去分詞插入語的還原。)

Racine presents the queen as driven by fate into a passion.

(同位語 whom 子句的主幹。)

The queen abhors the passion.

(省略關係代名詞的子句的還原。)

● 全新文法解析

1. 主詞加後置並列過去分詞片語,內含 pit A against B 與過去分詞後置修飾

句型:主詞, + 過去分詞 + 時間 + and + 副詞 + 過去分詞 + against + 名詞 + 過去分詞 + by + 名詞

作用:first staged in January 1677 and promptly pitted against a rival play 是放在劇名之後的兩個並列過去分詞片語。pit A against B 是「使 A 與 B 對立」,被動時 pitted against 之後的 a rival play 又被 backed by his enemies 這個過去分詞片語後置修飾。

關鍵詞彙:stage(搬上舞台)、promptly(迅速地)、pit A against B(使對立)、rival(對手的)

2. who 子句,內含 as though + 過去分詞(省略主詞與 be)與現在分詞插入

句型:a queen who, + as though + 過去分詞 + by + 名詞 + for + 名詞, + 動詞1 + and, + 現在分詞 + 受詞 + 補語, + 動詞2

作用:as though cursed by Venus 是「彷彿被維納斯詛咒」,省略 she were,表示說話者對事實的推測,並非斷言。falls in love 與 declares 兩個動詞共用主詞 who,中間插入 believing her husband dead,believe + 受詞 + 形容詞補語,說明她宣告愛意時的認知。

關鍵詞彙:as though(彷彿)、curse(詛咒)、offense(冒犯)、believe + 受詞 + 補語(相信……是……)

3. only for + 受詞 + to V,加 whereupon 與插入的 whether...or

句型:only for + 代名詞 + to + 原形 + 補語, + whereupon + 主詞, + whether from A or B, + 動詞

作用:only for him to return alive 表示出乎預料的結果,與 only to V 不同的是,不定詞有自己的邏輯主詞 him,與主句主詞不同。whereupon 是連接副詞,意思是「於是、隨即」,引導緊接而來的事件。whether from loyalty or fear 是插在主詞與動詞之間的讓步插入語,表示動機不明。

關鍵詞彙:only for...to V(結果卻……)、whereupon(於是)、whether...or(無論是……或)、loyalty(忠誠)

4. 非限定 who 子句,加 leave + 受詞 + to V,內含過去分詞插入

句型:, who dies under + 名詞, + leaving + 受詞, + 過去分詞 + between A and B, + to + 原形

作用:who dies under his father's curse 是非限定關係子句,補充說明年輕人的下場。leaving the queen to poison herself 是現在分詞構句,leave + 受詞 + to V 表示「讓……去做(而他人不再干預)」。torn between desire and shame 插在受詞之後,是過去分詞後置修飾。

關鍵詞彙:curse(詛咒)、leave...to V(留下……去做)、torn between(在……之間撕扯)、poison(服毒)

5. 同位語加 whom 子句,內含 present A as B 與省略關係代名詞

句型:a woman + whom + 主詞, + in + 名詞, + presents + 受詞 + as + 過去分詞 + by + 名詞 + into + 名詞 + 主詞 + 動詞

作用:a woman 是前面整段情節的同位語,whom 是 presents 的受詞。主詞 Racine 後插入 in his preface,說明依據。present A as B 中的 B 是過去分詞片語 driven by fate into a passion,而 passion 之後省略 that 的子句 she abhors,表示她憎惡這份激情。

關鍵詞彙:present A as B(把 A 說成 B)、drive A into B(使 A 陷入 B)、abhor(憎惡)、preface(序言)

● 參考翻譯

拉辛的《費黛拉》於 1677 年 1 月首演,隨即被敵對者支持的另一部競爭劇作針鋒相對。它講述一位王后,彷彿因家族的冒犯而被維納斯詛咒,愛上了繼子,在相信丈夫已死時向他表白,結果丈夫卻活著回來。於是她的奶媽,不論出於忠誠或恐懼,誣陷了那位年輕人,他在父親的詛咒下死去,留下王后在慾望與羞恥的撕扯中服毒自盡。拉辛在序言中,把這個女人描述成被命運驅使而陷入一種連她自己都憎惡的激情。

● 逆向工程(請嘗試不看原文,還原長句)

The play was first staged in January 1677.

The play was promptly pitted against a rival play.

His enemies backed the rival play.

Phèdre tells of a queen.

Venus seems to have cursed the queen for her family's offense.

The queen falls in love with her stepson.

The queen believes her husband dead.

The queen declares her love.

Her husband returns alive.

Her nurse slanders the young man out of loyalty or fear.

The young man dies under his father's curse.

The young man's death leaves the queen to poison herself.

The queen is torn between desire and shame.

Racine presents the queen as driven by fate into a passion.

The queen abhors the passion.

對照完整句子:見上方「全新例句」。

**補充說明:**全句已用程式逐字核算為 98 字。本篇的句型與前面各篇不重複:並列過去分詞加 pit A against B、as though 加過去分詞加現在分詞插入、only for him to V 加 whereupon 加 whether...or、leaving...to V 加 torn between、同位語加 whom 加 present A as B。

需要修正與核對的地方

**首演與劇名。**《費黛拉》1677 年 1 月在勃艮第府劇院(Hôtel de Bourgogne)首演,最初劇名是 Phèdre et Hippolyte,後來改為 Phèdre。

**競爭劇作。**我記得普拉東(Pradon)的同名劇作《費德爾與伊波利特》在拉辛的首演後數日上演,傳統說法是有貴族圈(如布永公爵夫人)支持普拉東,以打擊拉辛。這個「陰謀」說法有爭議,句中寫 backed by his enemies 是簡化。

**維納斯與「家族的冒犯」。**劇中的費黛拉是太陽神的後裔,據說因太陽神揭發維納斯與戰神的私情,維納斯懷恨,讓這個家族的女性陷入不倫之戀。句中 for her family's offense 是概括。

**「相信丈夫已死時向他表白」。**費黛拉是雅典國王忒修斯的妻子,聽說丈夫死訊後,向繼子伊波利特表白。伊波利特是忒修斯與亞馬遜女王所生。

**奶媽的誣陷與費黛拉的責任。**奶媽奧農(Oenone)向忒修斯誣陷伊波利特,但費黛拉當時沒有立即阻止,部分原因是嫉妒伊波利特另有所愛(阿麗西)。句中只寫 her nurse slanders,有淡化主角責任之嫌,請注意。這是批評家常討論的問題。

**「在父親的詛咒下死去」。**忒修斯向海神波塞頓求咒,海怪出現,伊波利特因此喪命,後來忒修斯才得知真相。句中以 dies under his father's curse 概括。

**「服毒自盡」。**費黛拉在伊波利特死後服毒,臨死前在忒修斯面前坦承真相,為他洗清罪名。句中的 to poison herself 沒有寫出她臨終的坦白。

**拉辛序言的說法。**序言中說費黛拉「不完全有罪,也不完全無辜」,是被命運與諸神之怒拖入一種她從一開始就感到恐懼的非法激情。句中的 driven by fate into a passion she abhors 是轉述,不是引文。

**三一律與亞歷山大體。**這兩個概念的歸屬與細節請核對文學史資料。

**字源。**tragedy 的 tragos 之說有爭議;passion 與 pati、abhor 與 horrēre 的對應是我的記憶,請以詞源字典確認。

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