把歷史從國族主義中解救出來 Rescuing History from Nationalism

把歷史從國族主義中解救出來 Rescuing History from Nationalism

● 字源與思想史概念

**history(歷史)**源自希臘文 historia(探究、調查),由 histōr(知情者、見證人)而來,本義是「探問所得的知識」。**nation(民族、國家)**源自拉丁文 natio(出生)。**nationalism(民族主義、國族主義)**是十九世紀才廣泛流行的詞。**archive(檔案)**源自希臘文 archeion(官署),字根 archē 是「統治、起源」,可見檔案與權力的關係。**anachronism(時代錯置)**由希臘文 ana-(逆)加 chronos(時間)構成,指把後來的概念套進較早的時代。

近代史學與民族國家幾乎同時成形:十九世紀的歷史學者替各民族撰寫「國史」,檔案館、博物館與學校教科書也隨之建立。雷南(Ernest Renan)在 1882 年〈何謂民族?〉中說,遺忘,甚至歷史上的錯誤,是創造民族的關鍵因素;霍布斯鮑姆與蘭傑編《傳統的發明》(1983),安德森《想像的共同體》(1983)也指出,民族認同許多是被建構出來的。

核心概念:

**Imagined community(想像的共同體):**民族是靠共同敘事維繫,而不是面對面的熟識。

**Invented tradition(被發明的傳統):**看似古老的習俗,常是近代才形成。

**Anachronism(時代錯置):**用今天的國界與認同,去理解過去的人群與政權。

同源與核心詞彙:history(歷史)、nationalism(民族主義、國族主義)、archive(檔案)、anachronism(時代錯置)、imagined community(想像的共同體)、invented tradition(被發明的傳統)

● 全新例句(130 字長句)

Because modern history writing arose in the nineteenth century alongside the nation-state, whose schools, museums, and archives it served by tracing each people's identity to a distant and supposedly continuous origin, scholars from Renan, who observed that forgetting and even historical error are essential to the making of a nation, to Anderson, who showed that nations are imagined communities, have exposed how national loyalty shapes what is remembered, an exposure that makes rescuing history from nationalism seem urgent yet hard, as quarrels over whether the kingdom of Goguryeo belongs to Chinese or Korean history show, since states fund research, write textbooks, and treat the past as a title deed, although historians who trace connections among peoples, rather than boundaries between them, can offer accounts that no single nation may claim.

● 排列為比較容易閱讀的方式

Because modern history writing arose in the nineteenth century

　alongside the nation-state,

　　whose schools, museums, and archives it served

　　by tracing each people's identity

　　　to a distant and supposedly continuous origin,

scholars from Renan,

　who observed

　　that forgetting and even historical error

　　are essential to the making of a nation,

to Anderson,

　who showed that nations are imagined communities,

have exposed how national loyalty shapes what is remembered,

an exposure

　that makes rescuing history from nationalism seem urgent yet hard,

　as quarrels

　　over whether the kingdom of Goguryeo

　　belongs to Chinese or Korean history

　show,

　since states fund research, write textbooks,

　and treat the past as a title deed,

although historians

　who trace connections among peoples,

　　rather than boundaries between them,

can offer accounts

　that no single nation may claim.

● 分解為原初的短小句

Modern history writing arose in the nineteenth century alongside the nation-state.

(because 子句的主幹。)

History writing served the nation-state's schools, museums, and archives.

(whose 子句,以 it 還原為 history writing;serve 表「服務」。)

History writing traced each people's identity to a distant origin.

(by tracing 的還原。)

The origin was supposedly continuous.

(supposedly 表「據說」。)

Renan observed something.

(who 子句的主幹。)

Forgetting and even historical error are essential to the making of a nation.

(observed 後 that 子句。)

Anderson showed something.

(第二個 who 子句。)

Nations are imagined communities.

(showed 後 that 子句。)

Scholars have exposed how national loyalty shapes what is remembered.

(主要子句;how 名詞子句內含 what 子句。)

This exposure makes rescuing history from nationalism seem urgent yet hard.

(同位語的還原;make + 受詞 + 補語,受詞是動名詞片語。)

Quarrels show something.

(as 子句的主幹。)

Goguryeo may belong to Chinese or Korean history.

(whether...or 名詞子句。)

States fund research, write textbooks, and treat the past as a title deed.

(since 子句;三個動詞並列。)

Historians trace connections among peoples.

(who 子句的主幹。)

They do not trace boundaries between peoples.

(rather than 對比的還原。)

Historians can offer accounts.

(although 子句的主幹。)

No single nation may claim the accounts.

(that 子句的還原。)

● 全新文法解析

1. Because 子句,內含 whose 子句與 by V-ing

句型:Because + 主詞 + 動詞 + alongside + 名詞, whose + 名詞 it + 動詞 + by + V-ing + 受詞 + to + 名詞

作用:whose schools, museums, and archives it served 是「受詞前置」:it 指前面的 history writing,whose 修飾 schools 等三項受詞。by tracing 說明 history writing 如何服務民族國家。主要子句的主詞 scholars 因此延後近三十字才出現。

關鍵詞彙:alongside(與……同時)、trace A to B(把 A 追溯到 B)、supposedly(據說)

2. 主詞:from A to B + 兩個 who 子句

句型:scholars from + 人名, who + 動詞 + that 子句, to + 人名, who + 動詞 + that 子句, have + p.p.

作用:from A to B 表範圍,從雷南到安德森,是以兩位學者代表一個學術脈絡。兩個 who 子句各帶一個 that 名詞子句,主詞 scholars 與動詞 have exposed 相隔近四十字。

關鍵詞彙:observe(觀察指出)、essential(不可或缺的)、imagined(想像的)

3. expose how 名詞子句,內含 what 名詞子句

句型:have exposed + how + 主詞 + 動詞 + 受詞 + what + 主詞 + be + p.p.

作用:how 引導的名詞子句作 exposed 的受詞,子句內的 shapes 以 what is remembered 為受詞,what 在子句中作 remembered 的主詞,是「名詞子句內再套名詞子句」。

關鍵詞彙:expose(揭露)、loyalty(忠誠)、remember(記得)

4. 同位語加 make + 受詞 + 補語,內含 as 子句與 since 子句

句型:, an exposure that makes + 動名詞片語 + seem + 形容詞, as + 主詞 + 動詞 + show, since + 主詞 + 動詞 A, 動詞 B, and 動詞 C

作用:an exposure 同位於前面整個揭露。make rescuing...seem urgent yet hard 的受詞是動名詞片語,補語是兩個形容詞以 yet 並列。as quarrels over whether... show 是插入的 as 子句,舉古高句麗的爭議為例,內含 whether...or 名詞子句。since 子句以三個並列動詞解釋為何「困難」。

關鍵詞彙:urgent(迫切的)、quarrel(爭執)、title deed(地契)

5. although 子句,內含 who 子句與 rather than

句型:although + 主詞, who + 動詞 + 受詞 among + 名詞, rather than + 受詞 between + 名詞, + can + 動詞 + 受詞 + that + 主詞 + may + 動詞

作用:although 在句尾補上正面的可能:研究人群之間的連結,而不是邊界。rather than boundaries between them 是對比插入語。that no single nation may claim 修飾 accounts,that 是 claim 的受詞。

關鍵詞彙:connection(連結)、boundary(邊界)、claim(宣稱擁有)

● 參考翻譯

由於近代歷史書寫在十九世紀與民族國家一同興起,並且藉著把每個民族的認同追溯到遙遠而據稱連續的起源,為民族國家的學校、博物館與檔案館服務,從雷南(他指出,遺忘乃至歷史上的錯誤,是創造民族的關鍵)到安德森(他論證民族是想像的共同體)的學者,都揭露了國族忠誠如何塑造人們所記得的事物。這使「把歷史從國族主義中解救出來」顯得既迫切又困難,正如古高句麗王國究竟屬於中國史還是韓國史的爭執所顯示的,因為國家出資贊助研究、編寫教科書,並把過去當成地契。不過,研究人群之間的連結、而不是彼此之間的邊界的歷史學者,仍能提出沒有任何單一民族可以宣稱專屬的敘述。

● 逆向工程(請嘗試不看原文,還原長句)

Modern history writing arose in the nineteenth century alongside the nation-state.

History writing served the nation-state's schools, museums, and archives.

History writing traced each people's identity to a distant origin.

The origin was supposedly continuous.

Renan observed something.

Forgetting and even historical error are essential to the making of a nation.

Anderson showed something.

Nations are imagined communities.

Scholars have exposed how national loyalty shapes what is remembered.

This exposure makes rescuing history from nationalism seem urgent yet hard.

Quarrels show something.

Goguryeo may belong to Chinese or Korean history.

States fund research, write textbooks, and treat the past as a title deed.

Historians trace connections among peoples.

They do not trace boundaries between peoples.

Historians can offer accounts.

No single nation may claim the accounts.

對照完整句子:見上方「全新例句」。

**補充說明:**全句已用程式逐字核算為 130 字。本篇改用「Because 加 whose 加 by V-ing、from A to B 加雙 who 子句、expose how 內含 what、同位語加 make + 受詞 + 補語加 as 加 since、although 加 who 加 rather than」,主題與句型和前面各篇不重複。

需要修正與核對的地方

「解救」假定國族主義扭曲了歷史,這是許多史學者的立場,但並非沒有爭議。句中用 seem urgent yet hard 與末尾的可能性來平衡,沒有宣稱國族主義「必然」扭曲歷史。

需要核對的事實:

**雷南的引文:**他在 1882 年索邦演講〈何謂民族?〉中說,遺忘,甚至說歷史錯誤,是創造民族的關鍵因素。句中改寫為間接引述。

安德森與霍布斯鮑姆:《想像的共同體》與《傳統的發明》都在 1983 年出版,這兩本書常被並列,但兩人的論點與立場不同(例如安德森強調印刷資本主義與民族意識的形成,霍布斯鮑姆強調傳統如何被有意創造)。句中只提安德森,以免混為一談。

**近代史學與民族國家同時成形:**常見的說法,例如蘭克的實證史學與十九世紀的民族史書寫,但也有學者提醒,更早的史學並不全無「國族」色彩,而近代史學也不全是為國家服務。句中以 arose alongside 表示「同時」,沒有說「因果」。

**高句麗的爭議:**中國的「東北工程」(2002–2007)主張高句麗為中國古代地方政權,韓國與北韓則視之為朝鮮民族的古代國家。學界立場不一,我不選邊,句中只寫「屬於中國史還是韓國史的爭執」。這也與上一題的唐太宗遠征相連:同一段史料,在不同民族敘事中被解讀為不同故事。

**「把過去當地契」是比喻:**不是學術術語。

**「解救」之後的問題:**有人主張可用區域史、全球史或「連結史」(connected history)取代民族史,但這些取徑也有自己的框架與偏見;而且民族史也有它的功能,例如替受壓迫群體恢復被忽略的歷史。句中的最後一個子句只說明「可能的另一條路」,不是定論。

**中文翻譯的選擇:**nation 在中文裡可譯為「民族」「國族」「國家」,nationalism 可譯為「民族主義」「國族主義」,兩岸學界用法不一。