托爾斯泰的《安娜.卡列尼娜》:兩條情節、社會審判與信仰的出路 Tolstoy's Anna Karenina: Two Plots, Social Judgment, and the Search for Faith

托爾斯泰的《安娜.卡列尼娜》:兩條情節、社會審判與信仰的出路 Tolstoy's Anna Karenina: Two Plots, Social Judgment, and the Search for Faith

2026 年 11 月 07 日

● 字源與歷史概念

**novel(長篇小說)**源自義大利文 novella(新鮮事),本指「新奇的故事」。**adultery(通姦)**源自拉丁文 adulterare(摻雜、敗壞),由 ad-(向)加 alter(另一個)構成。**vengeance(報復)**源自古法文 vengeance,來自拉丁文 vindicare(主張權利、報仇)。**epigraph(題詞)**源自希臘文 epigraphē(銘刻),由 epi-(在上面)加 graphein(寫)構成。**aristocracy(貴族階層)**源自希臘文 aristokratia,由 aristos(最優秀的)加 kratos(統治)構成。**faith(信仰)**源自拉丁文 fides(信任)。**serial(連載的)**源自拉丁文 series(一系列)。**shun(迴避、排斥)**源自古英語 scunian(躲避)。

背景:列夫.托爾斯泰(Leo Tolstoy, 1828–1910)是俄國小說家與思想家。《安娜.卡列尼娜》於 1875 至 1877 年在《俄國通報》連載,1878 年出版單行本。小說有兩條主線:安娜與沃倫斯基的戀情,及列文與吉蒂的婚姻與精神追尋。一般認為,列文帶有托爾斯泰本人的影子。小說的題詞取自聖經,大意是「申冤在我,我必報應」,這個題詞究竟指向誰、指向什麼,是讀者與評論者長期爭論的問題。

核心概念:

**Parallel plots(平行情節):**安娜的毀滅與列文的尋找,互相對照,而不是簡單的善惡對比。

**Double standard(雙重標準):**社會對男性與女性的婚外情,寬容程度不同,這是小說批判的對象之一。

**Epigraph and judgment(題詞與審判):**題詞暗示道德審判,但小說對安娜的同情與批評並存,所以結論不清楚。

同源與核心詞彙:novel(長篇小說)、adultery(通姦)、vengeance(報復)、epigraph(題詞)、aristocracy(貴族階層)、faith(信仰)、serial(連載的)

● 全新例句(125 字長句)

Serialised from 1875 to 1877 and published as a book in 1878, Tolstoy's Anna Karenina entwines two plots that, though they scarcely meet, answer each other: in one, Anna, married to the dutiful official Karenin, falls for the officer Vronsky, abandons her son, and, shunned by a society that forgives her lover but not her, grows so jealous and dependent on opium that, her future seeming all but closed, she throws herself beneath a train; in the other, Levin, a landowner groping for meaning, marries Kitty, whom Vronsky had charmed and then forgotten, and, no matter how his reforms disappoint him, reaches a quiet faith, so that the novel, prefaced by a biblical warning about vengeance, leaves readers to judge how far it condemns Anna.

● 排列為比較容易閱讀的方式

Serialised from 1875 to 1877

and published as a book in 1878,

Tolstoy's Anna Karenina entwines two plots

　that,

　　though they scarcely meet,

　answer each other:

in one,

　Anna,

　　married to the dutiful official Karenin,

　falls for the officer Vronsky,

　abandons her son,

　and,

　　shunned by a society

　　　that forgives her lover but not her,

　grows so jealous and dependent on opium

　that,

　　her future seeming all but closed,

　she throws herself beneath a train;

in the other,

　Levin,

　　a landowner groping for meaning,

　marries Kitty,

　　whom Vronsky had charmed and then forgotten,

　and,

　　no matter how his reforms disappoint him,

　reaches a quiet faith,

so that the novel,

　prefaced by a biblical warning about vengeance,

leaves readers to judge

　how far it condemns Anna.

● 分解為原初的短小句

Tolstoy serialised the novel from 1875 to 1877.

(過去分詞 Serialised 的還原。)

Tolstoy published the novel as a book in 1878.

(與前一個分詞並列的 published 的還原。)

The novel entwines two plots.

(全句主幹;entwine 表「交織」。)

The two plots scarcely meet.

(though 插入子句的還原。)

The two plots answer each other.

(that 關係子句的主幹。)

Anna is married to the dutiful official Karenin.

(過去分詞 married to 的還原。)

Anna falls for the officer Vronsky.

(第一個動詞。)

Anna abandons her son.

(第二個動詞。)

A society shuns Anna.

(過去分詞 shunned by 的還原。)

The society forgives her lover but not her.

(that 關係子句的還原,省略了 forgive。)

Anna grows so jealous and dependent on opium.

(so...that 的前半。)

Her future seems all but closed.

(獨立分詞構句 her future seeming 的還原;all but 表「幾乎」。)

Anna throws herself beneath a train.

(so...that 的後半。)

Levin is a landowner groping for meaning.

(同位語加後置分詞的還原。)

Levin marries Kitty.

(另一條線的主幹。)

Vronsky had charmed Kitty and then forgotten her.

(whom 關係子句的還原,過去完成式表更早的事。)

His reforms disappoint Levin.

(no matter how 讓步子句的還原。)

Levin reaches a quiet faith.

(並列的第二個謂語。)

Tolstoy prefaced the novel with a biblical warning about vengeance.

(過去分詞 prefaced by 的還原。)

The novel leaves readers to judge something.

(so that 子句的主幹。)

The novel condemns Anna to some degree.

(how far 名詞子句的還原;how far 表「到什麼程度」。)

● 全新文法解析

1. 並列過去分詞句首 + that 關係子句內插入 though

句型:過去分詞 + 時間 + and + 過去分詞 + 時間, + 主詞 + 動詞 + 受詞 + that, + though + 主詞 + 副詞 + 動詞, + 動詞 + 受詞

作用:句首兩個過去分詞以 and 並列,交代出版資訊。主句的關係子句 that answer each other 內,主詞 that 與動詞 answer 之間被 though they scarcely meet 隔開,這是一個插入的讓步子句,表示兩條情節雖然很少交會,卻互相呼應。

關鍵詞彙:serialise(連載)、entwine(交織)、scarcely(幾乎不)、answer each other(互相呼應)

2. 冒號 + in one...in the other(對照結構)

句型:: + in one, + 主詞, + 動詞...; + in the other, + 主詞, + 動詞...

作用:冒號後面把兩條情節並列對比:in one 指第一條,in the other 指第二條,避免重複名詞。兩個分句以分號分隔,每個內部又包含數個並列動詞與插入語,是閱讀長句的主要結構線索。

關鍵詞彙:in one...in the other(一個……另一個)、plot(情節)、landowner(地主)

3. 過去分詞同位語 + shunned by...that forgives...but not her(省略)

句型:Anna, + married to + 名詞, + 動詞..., + and, + shunned by + 名詞 + that + 動詞 + 受詞 + but not + 代名詞, + 動詞

作用:married to the dutiful official Karenin 是過去分詞片語,夾在主詞與動詞之間。shunned by a society 是另一個過去分詞插入語,society 後的 that 子句以 but not her 省略了重複的 forgives,是 gapping 的一種,以最簡潔的方式表達社會的雙重標準。

關鍵詞彙:dutiful(盡責的)、shun(排斥)、forgive A but not B(原諒 A 卻不原諒 B)、lover(情人)

4. so...that + 獨立分詞構句 + all but

句型:grows so + 形容詞 + and + 形容詞 + that, + 名詞 + V-ing + all but + 過去分詞, + 主詞 + 動詞 + 受詞

作用:so...that 的結果子句內,主詞 she 之前先插入獨立分詞構句 her future seeming all but closed,有自己的主詞(her future),說明她當時的心理狀態。all but 表「幾乎」,all but closed 表示「幾乎沒有別的出路」,語氣委婉,但悲劇意味濃厚。

關鍵詞彙:so...that(如此……以致)、dependent on(依賴)、all but(幾乎)、throw oneself beneath(投身於……之下)

5. 同位語後置分詞 + whom 子句過去完成 + no matter how

句型:Levin, + 同位語 + V-ing + for + 名詞, + marries + 受詞, + whom + 主詞 + had + 過去分詞 + and then + 過去分詞, + and, + no matter how + 主詞 + 動詞 + 受詞, + 動詞 + 受詞

作用:a landowner groping for meaning 是同位語加後置現在分詞,用來說明列文的心理狀態。whom 子句使用過去完成式 had charmed and then forgotten,表示早於結婚的事,兩個過去分詞以 and then 連接,強調先後。no matter how 表「無論多麼……」,是讓步子句的口語化說法,插在主詞與動詞之間。

關鍵詞彙:grope for(摸索)、charm(迷住)、no matter how(無論如何)、reform(改革)

6. so that + 插入過去分詞 + leave A to V + how far

句型:so that + 主詞, + 過去分詞 + by + 名詞, + leaves + 受詞 + to + 原形動詞 + how far + 主詞 + 動詞 + 受詞

作用:so that 引出全句的結論。主詞 the novel 之後插入 prefaced by a biblical warning about vengeance,指出題詞的存在。leave A to V 表「讓 A 去……」,how far 引導名詞子句,作 judge 的受詞,把判斷交給讀者,避免作者替讀者下結論。

關鍵詞彙:preface(以……為序、題詞)、biblical(聖經的)、vengeance(報復)、how far(到什麼程度)、condemn(譴責)

● 參考翻譯

托爾斯泰的《安娜.卡列尼娜》於 1875 至 1877 年連載,1878 年出版成書,小說交織了兩條情節,兩者雖然很少交會,卻彼此呼應:其中一條,嫁給盡責官員卡列寧的安娜愛上軍官沃倫斯基,拋下兒子,被一個原諒她情人、卻不原諒她的社會排斥,終至變得多疑又依賴鴉片,眼見未來幾乎關閉,便投身於火車之下;另一條,是地主列文,他在摸索人生意義,娶了吉蒂(沃倫斯基曾迷惑過她,又把她忘了),不論改革如何令他失望,最後還是達到一種平靜的信仰;於是,這部以聖經中關於報復的警語為題詞的小說,留給讀者去評斷它對安娜究竟譴責到什麼程度。

● 逆向工程(請嘗試不看原文,還原長句)

Tolstoy serialised the novel from 1875 to 1877.

Tolstoy published the novel as a book in 1878.

The novel entwines two plots.

The two plots scarcely meet.

The two plots answer each other.

Anna is married to the dutiful official Karenin.

Anna falls for the officer Vronsky.

Anna abandons her son.

A society shuns Anna.

The society forgives her lover but not her.

Anna grows so jealous and dependent on opium.

Her future seems all but closed.

Anna throws herself beneath a train.

Levin is a landowner groping for meaning.

Levin marries Kitty.

Vronsky had charmed Kitty and then forgotten her.

His reforms disappoint Levin.

Levin reaches a quiet faith.

Tolstoy prefaced the novel with a biblical warning about vengeance.

The novel leaves readers to judge something.

The novel condemns Anna to some degree.

對照完整句子:

Serialised from 1875 to 1877 and published as a book in 1878, Tolstoy's Anna Karenina entwines two plots that, though they scarcely meet, answer each other: in one, Anna, married to the dutiful official Karenin, falls for the officer Vronsky, abandons her son, and, shunned by a society that forgives her lover but not her, grows so jealous and dependent on opium that, her future seeming all but closed, she throws herself beneath a train; in the other, Levin, a landowner groping for meaning, marries Kitty, whom Vronsky had charmed and then forgotten, and, no matter how his reforms disappoint him, reaches a quiet faith, so that the novel, prefaced by a biblical warning about vengeance, leaves readers to judge how far it condemns Anna.

**補充說明:**全句逐字核算為 125 字(年份算一字)。本篇改用「並列過去分詞句首加插入 though 讓步、冒號加 in one...in the other 對照、過去分詞插入加省略式 but not her、so...that 加獨立分詞構句加 all but、同位語後置分詞加 whom 過去完成加 no matter how、so that 加插入過去分詞加 leave A to V 加 how far」,與前面各篇的句型不重複。

後記

**連載與出版年份:**小說連載於《俄國通報》,時間約為 1875 至 1877 年,1878 年出版單行本。

**兩條情節「很少交會」:**列文與安娜在小說中只見過一次面,這是小說中兩條主線最明顯的交會。句中 scarcely meet 是概括,若要精確,可改為 meet only once。

**安娜的結局:**她投身火車而死,與小說開頭車站事故(一名工人被火車撞死)相呼應,是公認的象徵安排。句中只寫結局,沒有寫車站,請避免誤讀為遺漏。

**「依賴鴉片」:**小說中,安娜晚期靠鎮靜藥物入睡,中譯本有譯為鴉片、嗎啡或鎮靜劑,原文用詞我沒有核對,請依你採用的譯本調整。

**社會的雙重標準:**小說寫到,上流社會對沃倫斯基相對寬容,卻排斥安娜(例如劇院一幕)。句中 forgives her lover but not her 是這個情節的概括,但沃倫斯基也並非毫無代價,他的軍職與社交也受到影響,請避免過度簡化。

**吉蒂與沃倫斯基:**沃倫斯基對吉蒂表示好感,使她以為他會求婚,後來他轉而迷戀安娜,吉蒂因此受到打擊,先拒絕了列文,後來才接受。句中 charmed and then forgotten 是概括,若要寫得精確,請查原書。

**列文的「平靜信仰」:**小說結尾,列文經過長期的精神危機,領悟到要為善而活,而不是靠理性證明。這種「信仰」是倫理的、日常的,不一定等於教會的教義,學界也有不同解讀。句中 a quiet faith 是概括。

題詞:「申冤在我,我必報應」出自聖經(一般指〈羅馬書〉12:19,並可追溯到〈申命記〉),托爾斯泰為什麼選它、它指向誰,評論者有許多看法:有人認為是警告對安娜的審判,有人認為是警告人類不該審判他人。句中 leaves readers to judge how far it condemns Anna,正是為了保留這個開放性,而不替題詞下結論。

**列文與托爾斯泰:**學者常指出,列文帶有作者的自傳成分,包括對農事、婚姻與信仰的思索,但小說是虛構作品,不宜把兩者完全等同。

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