中國共產黨對蘇聯與東歐共黨集團垮台的解釋不是這些國家缺乏民主自由而是鎮壓力度不夠

【丁連財的英文學術型超複雜文法結構長難句破解示範】【大幅提升英文閱讀與寫作能力必經的訓練過程】

***121個英文字一句學術型超複雜文法結構長難句，說明中國共產黨與東南亞威權統治者，從蘇聯與東歐共黨集團垮台學到的教訓，不是這些國家未能及早賦予人民民主與自由，而是鎮壓反叛者的力度不夠且太慢。

***結構破解示範（Structure Analysis）例句

The fall of Berlin Wall and the collapse of Communist regimes in East Europe in 1989 and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, heralding the triumph of free market values and political freedom required to ensure the smooth operation of capitalism, hiked up hopes for the blossoming of democracy in China and Southeast Asia, where there was a strong belief in the circles of both professors of political science and global policy makers that the authoritarian systems that lingered in Asia would soon disappeared, but the hopes vanished quite quickly because the lesson the autocratic Asian leaders learned from the once iron-armed governments ousted from power was that they were too slow to suppress the people agitating against the rulers.

***學術句子常用的高級文法

1.現在分詞片語代替一個主動式的關係子句，

2.過去分詞片語代替一個被動式的關係子句，

3.多個子句層層堆疊，

4.以現在分詞和過去分詞樣貌呈現為形容詞使用，

5.介係詞後常使用動名詞來帶出一個子句，

6.常有較長的同位語，

7.常有名詞子句當主結構的主詞或受詞，

8.常有對等連接詞連結兩個或三個主詞、主詞子句，受詞、受詞子句，動詞、動詞片語，形容詞、當形容詞用的關係子句，不定詞、動名詞、介係詞。

***排列為比較容易理解閱讀的方式

The fall of Berlin Wall

and the collapse of Communist regimes in East Europe

in 1989

and the dissolution of the Soviet Union

in 1991,

heralding the triumph of free market values and political freedom

required to ensure the smooth operation of capitalism,

hiked up hopes

for the blossoming of democracy in China and Southeast Asia,

where

there was a strong belief

in the circles of both professors of political science and global policy makers

that

the authoritarian systems

that lingered in Asia would soon disappeared,

but the hopes vanished quite quickly

because the lesson

the autocratic Asian leaders learned

from the once iron-armed governments

ousted from power

was

that they were too slow to suppress the people

agitating against the rulers.

***分解為原初的各個短小句

1. The fall of Berlin Wall and the collapse of Communist regimes in East Europe in 1989 and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 hiked up hopes for the blossoming of democracy in China and Southeast Asia.

這個句子有38個字，是整個大句的主要結構（主句），其他都是附屬結構。若找不出主句，就掛了，必須降級到中階課程。英文學術型超複雜文法結構長難句破解是高階課程，學習者起碼要有英檢中高級程度。

2.The fall of Berlin Wall and the collapse of Communist regimes in East Europe in 1989 and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 heralded the triumph of free market values and political freedom.

3.Free market values and political freedom were required to ensure the smooth operation of capitalism.

4 In China and Southeast Asia, there was a strong belief in the circles of both professors of political science and global policy makers.

5.The strong belief was that the authoritarian systems would soon disappeared.

6.The authoritarian systems lingered in Asia.

7.But the hopes vanished quite quickly.

8.Because the lesson was that they were too slow to suppress the people.

9.The autocratic Asian leaders learned the lesson from the once iron-armed governments.

10.The once iron-armed governments were ousted from power

11.The people agitated against the rulers.

***長難句組合寫作練習（Composition，不要看例句，藉由譯文與文法將前述11個短小句子組合回原來的長句）

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***例句參考翻譯（翻譯沒有標準答案，只有正誤與優劣）

The fall of Berlin Wall and the collapse of Communist regimes in East Europe in 1989 and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, heralding the triumph of free market values and political freedom required to ensure the smooth operation of capitalism, hiked up hopes for the blossoming of democracy in China and Southeast Asia, where there was a strong belief in the circles of both professors of political science and global policy makers that the authoritarian systems that lingered in Asia would soon disappeared, but the hopes vanished quite quickly because the lesson the autocratic Asian leaders learned from the once iron-armed governments being ousted was that they were too slow to suppress the people agitating against the rulers.

一九八九年，柏林圍牆倒塌、東歐共黨政權瓦解；一九九一年，蘇聯解散。民主大有希望在中國與東南亞壯盛發展，但是希望很快就破滅。圍牆倒塌、東歐瓦解、蘇聯解散，宣告了自由市場價值與政治自由勝利，而此一勝利乃確保資本主義順暢運作所必需。政學教授與國際決策者圈子都強烈認為，在亞洲苟延殘喘的中國與東南亞威權體制很快就會消失。此一希望破滅，因為亞洲的獨裁領導人記取的教訓是：曾經施行鐵腕統治卻被搞下台的政府，行動太慢而致無法鎮壓鼓動反抗統治者的人。

***政治專業用語：

極權（totalitarism）、硬式威權（hard authoritarianism）、軟式威權（soft authoritarianism）、民主（democracy），指涉統治體制，著眼在當政者與人民的權力關係。

集權（centralization）、分權（centralization）、權力下放（devolution），指涉的是決策權力的分配與行使方式。

單一制（unitary）、聯邦（federation）、邦聯（confederation），指的是中央政府與地方政府（邦、州、省）的權力分配。

絕對君主國（absolute monarchy）、立憲君主國（constitutional monarchy）、共和國（republic），指的是國家元首（head of state）的產生方式與權限。

總統制（presidential government）：美國、菲律賓、印尼，國家元首（head of state）與政府首長（head of government）同一人。半總統制／雙首長制（semi-presidential government）：法國、台灣、韓國，總統是國家元首，總理（行政院長）是政府首長，總統與總理的權限依該國憲法區分。議會制／內閣制（parliamentary government）：日本、馬來西亞、新加坡、印度、以色列、英國、荷蘭、挪威、瑞典、西班牙、加拿大、澳洲、紐西蘭），國家元首是虛位的天皇、國王、總統，掌握實權的是總理或首相。總統制、半總統制、議會制指涉的是行政權與立法權不同關係運作模式下，政府形成與權力行使的制度。